It may sound counterintuitive, but simply knowing the meaning of words does not necessarily improve the use of language. Vocabulary knowledge is multi-dimensional: it involves not only understanding a word’s definition, but also being able to use it accurately, appropriately and confidently in real contexts. For students of English, developing this kind of “active vocabulary” - words that can be used naturally in speech and writing - is key to achieving fluency and sophistication.
Passive and Active Vocabulary
Every learner has two vocabularies: passive and active.
● Passive vocabulary refers to words that are understood when reading or listening but not yet used regularly.
● Active vocabulary consists of the words that a student can confidently produce in conversation or writing.
It is natural for passive vocabulary to be larger than active vocabulary. Exposure through reading, listening and engaging with English speaking environments will gradually expand both. However, to achieve precision and confidence in academic, professional or social settings, students must focus deliberately on transferring words from passive knowledge to active use.
Why Targeted Vocabulary Building Matters
General exposure to English - through reading, listening and conversation - remains the foundation of progress. Yet, adding a targeted element to this natural learning process can dramatically accelerate development. Intentional vocabulary practice ensures that students retain new words, understand their nuances, and can use them appropriately in real contexts.
A systematic approach allows learners to:
● Strengthen recall and long-term memory of new expressions.
● Avoid over-reliance on simple or repetitive vocabulary.
● Improve writing accuracy and stylistic range.
● Build confidence when participating in academic discussions or professional communication.
A Practical Daily Method
One effective way to approach vocabulary building is through a structured notebook or digital vocabulary journal. The aim is to select and actively integrate five new words or expressions per day, adjusting this number according to one’s level and schedule.
Each new word can be recorded using a three-step process:
1. Translate into your own language.
Writing the equivalent term helps to connect new vocabulary to existing knowledge and ensures clear understanding.
2. Write an English definition.
This reinforces comprehension in English and develops the ability to explain meaning without translation — a valuable skill in academic contexts.
3. Use the word in context.
Create one or two sentences that show how the word would be used in realistic situations relevant to your own goals or experiences.
Example:
● Word: Stubborn
● 1: Translation (French): têtu(e)
● 2: English Definition: Determined not to change one’s attitude or position, especially in spite of good arguments or reasons to do so.
● 3: Example Sentences:
○ Despite feedback from multiple stakeholders, he remained stubborn in his approach, which slowed progress on the project.
○ Her stubborn commitment to high-quality standards ultimately improved the final outcome of the initiative.
The third step - using the word in a relevant sentence - is the most important. It demonstrates not only correct grammatical use but also contextual appropriateness. Over time, this practice makes it easier for students to recall and apply new vocabulary naturally in writing and
conversation.
Choosing Which Words to Learn
Selecting the right vocabulary to study can be challenging. The most effective words to add to a vocabulary book are those encountered in authentic contexts - reading materials, lectures, podcasts, academic articles, workplace communication or classroom discussions. These words are more likely to be relevant and useful in real interactions.
Students may also choose vocabulary related to their particular aims:
● Academic study: subject-specific terminology, essay connectors, or reporting verbs.
● Professional development: business collocations, negotiation language, or formal tone markers.
● Everyday communication: idiomatic expressions and functional phrases used in daily interaction.
Consistency Over Time
Consistency is the key to successful vocabulary growth. Fifteen minutes of focused vocabulary work each day can have a significant cumulative effect. Revisiting previous entries weekly helps to reinforce memory, while integrating new words into emails, essays or discussions converts them from passive knowledge into active use.
Beyond Lists: Developing a Personal Lexicon
The goal of vocabulary building is not to memorise isolated lists, but to develop a personal lexicon - a flexible bank of words and expressions that can be adapted to different contexts. Students who combine general exposure to English with structured daily practice often notice that new vocabulary begins to appear naturally in their speaking and writing.
Conclusion
Vocabulary building is a gradual, creative process. It is not simply about understanding definitions, but about using language purposefully, precisely and confidently. By setting small, consistent goals and engaging actively with new words, students can transform vocabulary study from memorisation into meaningful communication - the true mark of progress in mastering English.